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The diocese arose from St. Peter's Abbey, founded about 696 by St. Rupert at the former Roman city of Iuvavum (Salzburg). The last Archbishop with princely authority was Hieronymus   von Colloredo, an early patron of Salzburg native Wolfgang Amadeus   Mozart.

Since 1648, the Archbishop of Salzburg has also borne the title Primas Germaniae ("First [Bishop] of Germania"). The powers of this title – now   non-jurisdictional – are limited to being the Pope's first correspondent   in the German-speaking world, but used to include the right to summon   the Prince-electors. The Archbishop also has the title of legatus natus ("permanent legate") to the Pope, which, although not a cardinal, gives the Archbishop the   privilege of wearing red vesture (which is much deeper than a cardinal's   scarlet), even in Rome.

The Archbishopric grew to become one of the most   important Catholic bastions in Europe. Possibly the most bigoted of all   Catholic areas, it expelled the Jews around 1500 and the Protestants in   1731.