Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste República Democrática de Timor-Leste   (Portuguese) Repúblika Demokrátika Timór-Leste   (Tetum)
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: "Unidade, Acção, Progresso" (Portuguese) "Unity, Action, Progress"
Anthem: Pátria (Portuguese) "Fatherland"
Capital and largest city		Dili 8°34′S 125°34′E / 8.567°S 125.567°E / -8.567; 125.567
Official languages		Tetum Portuguesea
National languages		Atauru Baikeno Bekais Bunak Fataluku Galoli Habun Idalaka Kawaimina Kemak Makalero Makasae Makuva Mambai Tokodede
Religion		Roman Catholicism
Demonym		East Timorese
Government		Unitary semi-presidential republic[1]
-	President	Taur Matan Ruak
-	Prime Minister	Rui Maria de Araújo
Legislature		National Parliament
Independence from Portugal and Indonesia
-	Established	1702
-	Declared	November 28, 1975
-	Restoredb	May 20, 2002
Area
-	Total	15,007 km2 (159th) 5,743 sq mi
-	Water (%)	negligible
Population
-	2013 estimate	1,172,390[2] (159th)
-	Density	76.2/km2 (132nd) 197.4/sq mi
GDP (PPP)		2012 estimate
-	Total	$2.234 billion[3]
-	Per capita	$1,847[3]
GDP (nominal)		2012 estimate
-	Total	$1.293 billion[3]
-	Per capita	$1,103[3]
HDI (2013)		0.620[4] medium · 128th
Currency		United States dollarc (USD)
Time zone		(UTC+9)
Drives on the		left
Calling code		+670
ISO 3166 code		TL
Internet TLD		.tld
a.	Fifteen further "national languages" are recognised by the Constitution.
b.	Defined as a restoration by the Constitution.
c.	Centavo coins also used.
d.	.tp is being phased out.

East Timor (ⁱ/ˌiːst ˈtiːmɔr/) or Timor-Leste (/tiˈmɔr ˈlɛʃteɪ/), officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste,^[5] is a country in Maritime Southeast Asia.^[6] It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, and Oecusse, an exclave on the northwestern side of the island, within Indonesian West Timor. The country's size is about 15,410 km² (5,400 sq mi).^[7]

East Timor was colonised by Portugal in the 16th century, and was known as Portuguese Timor until Portugal's decolonisation of the country. In late 1975, East Timor declared its independence but later that year was invaded and occupied by Indonesia and was declared Indonesia's 27th province the following year. In 1999, following the United Nations-sponsored act of self-determination, Indonesia relinquished control of the territory, and East Timor became the first new sovereign state of the 21st century on May 20, 2002. After independence, East Timor became a member of the United Nations and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. In 2011, East Timor announced its intention to gain membership status in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations by submitting a letter of application to become its eleventh member.^[8] It is one of only two predominantly Christian nations in Southeast Asia, the other being the Philippines.

East Timor has a lower-middle-income economy.^[9] About 37.4% of the country's population lives below the international poverty line – which means living on less than U.S. $1.25 per day^[10] – and about 50% of the population is illiterate.^[11] It continues to suffer the after-effects of a decades-long struggle for independence against Indonesian occupation, which severely damaged the country's infrastructure and killed at least 100,000 people. The country is placed 128th on the Human Development Index (HDI).

Etymology[edit]

"Timor" derives from timur, the word for "east" in Indonesian and Malay, which became Timor in Portuguese and entered English as Portuguese Timor. Leste is the Portuguese word for "east", resulting in "Timor-Leste" (East-East). In Tetum the name is Timór Lorosa'e, from Lorosa'e (lit "rising sun") the word for "east" in that language.

The official names under the Constitution are República Democrática de Timor-Leste in Portuguese and Repúblika Demokrátika Timór-Leste in Tetum.

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) official short form in English and all other languages is Timor-Leste (codes: TLS & TL), which has been adopted by the United Nations,^[12] the European Union,^[13] and the national standards organisations of France (AFNOR), the United States (ANSI),^[14] United Kingdom (BSI), Germany (DIN), and Sweden (SIS) all diplomatic missions to the country by protocol and the CIA World Factbook ^[15]

History[edit]

Descendants of at least three waves of migration are believed to still live in East Timor. The first were related to the principal Australoid indigenous groups of New Guinea and Australia, and arrived more than 40,000 years ago. Around 3000 BC, Austronesians migrated to Timor, and are thought to be associated with the development of agriculture on the island.^{[citation needed]} Thirdly, Proto-Malays arrived from south China and north Indochina.^[16] Before European colonialism, Timor was included in Chinese and Indian trading networks, and in the 14th century was an exporter of aromatic sandalwood, slaves, honey, and wax. It was the relative abundance of sandalwood in Timor that attracted European explorers to the island in the early 16th century.^[17] During that time, European explorers reported that the island had a number of small chiefdoms or princedoms.^{[citation needed]}

The Portuguese established outposts in Timor and Maluku. Effective European occupation of a small part of the territory began in 1769, when the city of Dili was founded and the colony of Portuguese Timor declared.^[19] A definitive border between the Dutch-colonised western half of the island and the Portuguese-colonised eastern half of the island was established by the Permanent Court of Arbitration of 1914,^[20] and it remains the international boundary between the successor states East Timor and Indonesia. For the Portuguese, East Timor remained little more than a neglected trading post until the late nineteenth century, with minimal investment in infrastructure, health, and education. Sandalwood remained the main export crop with coffee exports becoming significant in the mid-nineteenth century. As was often the case, Portuguese rule was generally neglectful but exploitative where it existed.^[21]

At the beginning of the twentieth century, a faltering home economy prompted the Portuguese to extract greater wealth from its colonies, which was met with East Timorese resistance.^[21] During World War II, the Japanese occupied Dili, and the mountainous interior became the scene of a guerrilla campaign, known as the Battle of Timor. Waged by Allied forces and East Timorese volunteers against the Japanese, the struggle resulted in the deaths of between 40,000 and 70,000 East Timorese.^[22] The Japanese eventually drove the last of the Australian and Allied forces out. However, following the end of World War II and Japanese surrender, Portuguese control was reinstated.

Following the 1974 Portuguese revolution, Portugal effectively abandoned its colony on Timor and civil war between East Timorese political parties broke out in 1975.

The Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor (Frente Revolucionária de Timor-Leste Independente, Fretilin) resisted a Timorese Democratic Union (União Democrática Timorense, UDT) coup attempt,^[23] and unilaterally declared independence on November 28, 1975. Fearing a communist state within the Indonesian archipelago, the Indonesian military, with western support, launched an invasion of East Timor in December 1975. Indonesia declared East Timor its 27th province on 17 July 1976 (Timor Timur).^[24] The UN Security Council opposed the invasion and the territory's nominal status in the UN remained as "non-self-governing territory under Portuguese administration".^[25]

Indonesia's occupation of East Timor was marked by violence and brutality. A detailed statistical report prepared for the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor cited a minimum bound of 102,800 conflict-related deaths in the period 1974–1999, namely, approximately 18,600 killings and 84,200 "excess" deaths from hunger and illness.^[26] The East Timorese guerrilla force (Forças Armadas da Libertação Nacional de Timor-Leste, Falintil) fought a campaign against the Indonesian forces from 1975 to 1999.^{[citation needed]} The invasion was supported by the United States.^[27][28][29]

The 1991 Dili Massacre was a turning point for the independence cause internationally, and an East Timor solidarity movement grew in Portugal, Australia, and other western countries.

Following the resignation of Indonesian President Suharto, a UN-sponsored agreement between Indonesia and Portugal allowed for a UN-supervised popular referendum in August 1999. A clear vote for independence was met with a punitive campaign of violence by East Timorese pro-integration militia with the support of elements of the Indonesian military. With Indonesian permission, an Australian-led international peacekeeping force was deployed until order was restored. In late 1999, the administration of East Timor was taken over by the UN through the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET).^[30] The INTERFET deployment ended in February 2000 with the transfer of military command to the UN.^[31] By May 2002, over 205,000 refugees had returned,^[32] and East Timorese independence was formalised on 20 May 2002 with Xanana Gusmão sworn in as the country's first President. East Timor became a member of the UN in 2002.^[33]

The following year, Gusmão declined another presidential term and in the build-up to the April 2007 presidential elections there were renewed outbreaks of violence. José Ramos-Horta was elected President in the May 2007 election.^[34] Ramos-Horta was critically injured in an attempted assassination in February 2008. Prime Minister Gusmão also faced gunfire separately but escaped unharmed. Australian reinforcements were immediately sent to help keep order.^[35] In 2006, the United Nations sent in security forces to restore order when unrest and factional fighting forced 15 percent of the population (155,000 people) to flee their homes. In March 2011, the UN handed-off operational control of the police force to the East Timor authorities. The United Nations ended its peacekeeping mission on December 31, 2012.^[36]

Government[edit]

The head of state of East Timor is the President of the Republic, who is elected by popular vote for a five-year term. Although his executive powers are somewhat limited, the president does have veto power over government's legislation. Following elections, the president appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as the Prime Minister of East Timor. As head of government, the prime minister presides over the cabinet.

The unicameral East Timorese parliament is the National Parliament or Parlamento Nacional, whose members are elected by popular vote to a five-year term. The number of seats can vary from a minimum of fifty-two to a maximum of sixty-five. The East Timorese constitution was modeled on that of Portugal. The country is still in the process of building its administration and governmental institutions. Government departments include the Polícia Nacional de Timor-Leste (police), East Timor Ministry for State and Internal Administration, Civil Aviation Division of Timor-Leste, and Immigration Department of Timor-Leste.^{[citation needed]}

Administrative divisions[edit]

East Timor is divided into thirteen administrative districts, which, in turn, are subdivided into 65 subdistricts, 442 sucos (villages), and 2,225 aldeias (hamlets).^[37]

Oecusse Liquiçá Dili Manatuto Baucau

Lautém Bobonaro Ermera Aileu

Viqueque Cova Lima Ainaro Manufahi

Foreign relations and military[edit]

East Timor sought membership in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 2007, and a formal application was submitted in March 2011.^[38] Indonesia supports East Timor's bid to join ASEAN.

The Timor Leste Defence Force (Forças de Defesa de Timor-Leste, F-FDTL) is the military body responsible for the defence of East Timor. The F-FDTL was established in February 2001 and comprised two small infantry battalions, a small naval component, and several supporting units.

The F-FDTL's primary role is to protect East Timor from external threats. It also has an internal security role, which overlaps with that of the National Police of East Timor (Polícia Nacional de Timor-Leste, PNTL). This overlap has led to tensions between the services, which have been exacerbated by poor morale and lack of discipline within the F-FDTL.

The F-FDTL's problems came to a head in 2006 when almost half the force was dismissed following protests over discrimination and poor conditions. The dismissal contributed to a general collapse of both the F-FDTL and PNTL in May and forced the government to request foreign peacekeepers to restore security. The F-FDTL is being rebuilt with foreign assistance and has drawn up a long-term force development plan.

Geography[edit]

Located in Southeast Asia,^[39] the island of Timor is part of the Maritime Southeast Asia, and is the largest and easternmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. To the north of the island are the Ombai Strait, Wetar Strait, and the greater Banda Sea. The Timor Sea separates the island from Australia to the south, and the Indonesian Province of East Nusa Tenggara lies to East Timor's west.

Much of the country is mountainous, and its highest is Tatamailau (also known as Mount Ramelau) at 2,963 metres (9,721 ft). The climate is tropical and generally hot and humid. It is characterised by distinct rainy and dry seasons. The capital, largest city, and main port is Dili, and the second-largest city is the eastern town of Baucau. East Timor lies between latitudes 8° and 10°S, and longitudes 124° and 128°E.

The easternmost area of East Timor consists of the Paitchau Range and the Lake Ira Lalaro area, which contains the county's first conservation area, the Nino Konis Santana National Park.^[40] It contains the last remaining tropical dry forested area within the country. It hosts a number of unique plant and animal species and is sparsely populated.^[41] The northern coast is characterised by a number of coral reef systems that have been determined to be at risk.^[42]

Economy[edit]

East Timor has a market economy that used to depend upon exports of a few commodities such as coffee, marble, oil, and sandalwood.^[43] East Timor's economy grew by about 10% in 2011 and at a similar rate in 2012.^[44]

Timor now has revenue from offshore oil and gas reserves, but little of it has gone to develop villages, which still rely on subsistence farming.^[45] Nearly half the population lives in extreme poverty.^[45]

The Timor-Leste Petroleum Fund was established in 2005, and by 2011 it had reached a worth of US$8.7 billion.^[46] East Timor is labelled by the International Monetary Fund as the "most oil-dependent economy in the world".^[47] The Petroleum Fund pays for nearly all of the government's annual budget, which has increased from $70 million in 2004 to $1.3 billion in 2011, with a $1.8 billion proposal for 2012.^[46]

The economy is dependent on government spending and, to a lesser extent, assistance from international donors.^[48] Private sector development has lagged due to human capital shortages, infrastructure weakness, an incomplete legal system, and an inefficient regulatory environment.^[48] After petroleum, the second largest export is coffee, which generates about $10 million a year.^[48] Starbucks is a major purchaser of East Timorese coffee.^[49]

9,000 tonnes of coffee, 108 tonnes of cinnamon and 161 tonnes of cocoa were harvested in 2012 making the country the 40th ranked producer of coffee, the 6th ranked producer of cinnamon and the 50th ranked producer of cocoa worldwide.^[50]

According to data gathered in the 2010 census, 87.7% of urban (321,043 people) and 18.9% of rural (821,459 people)households have electricity, for an overall average of 38.2%.^[51]

The agriculture sector employs 80% of the active population.^[52] In 2009, about 67,000 households grew coffee in East Timor, with a large proportion being poor.^[52] Currently, the gross margins are about $120 per hectare, with returns per labor-day of about $3.70.^[52] There are 11,000 household growing mungbeans as of 2009, most of them subsistence farmers.^[52]

The country was ranked 169th overall and last in the East Asia and Pacific region by the Doing Business 2013 report by the World Bank. The country fared particularly poorly in the 'registering property', 'enforcing contracts' and 'resolving insolvency' categories, ranking last worldwide in all three.^[53]

In regards to telecommunications infrastructure, Timor-Leste is the 2nd to last ranked Asian country in the World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI) with only Myanmar falling behind it in southeast Asia. NRI is an indicator for determining the development level of a country’s information and communication technologies. Timor-Leste ranked number 141 overall in the 2014 NRI ranking, down from 134 in 2013.^[54]

The Portuguese colonial administration granted concessions to Oceanic Exploration Corporation to develop petroleum and natural gas deposits in the waters southeast of Timor. However, this was curtailed by the Indonesian invasion in 1976.^{[citation needed]} The resources were divided between Indonesia and Australia with the Timor Gap Treaty in 1989.^[55] East Timor inherited no permanent maritime boundaries when it attained independence.^{[citation needed]} A provisional agreement (the Timor Sea Treaty, signed when East Timor became independent on 20 May 2002) defined a Joint Petroleum Development Area (JPDA) and awarded 90% of revenues from existing projects in that area to East Timor and 10% to Australia.^[56] An agreement in 2005 between the governments of East Timor and Australia mandated that both countries put aside their dispute over maritime boundaries and that East Timor would receive 50% of the revenues from the resource exploitation in the area (estimated at A$26 billion, or about US$20 billion over the lifetime of the project)^[57] from the Greater Sunrise development.^[58] In 2013, East Timor launched a case at the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague to pull out of a gas treaty that it had signed with Australia, accusing the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS) of bugging the East Timorese cabinet room in Dili in 2004.^[59]

There are no patent laws in East Timor.^[60]

Demographics[edit]

Historical populations
Year	Pop.	±%
1980	555,350	—
1990	747,557	+34.6%
2001	787,340	+5.3%
2004	923,198	+17.3%
2010	1,066,582	+15.5%
Source: 2010 census[61]

The population of East Timor is about 1,143,667.^[6] The population is especially concentrated in the area around Dili.^{[citation needed]}

The word Maubere,^[62] formerly used by the Portuguese to refer to native East Timorese and often employed as synonymous with the illiterate and uneducated, was adopted by FReTiLIn as a term of pride.^[63] They consist of a number of distinct ethnic groups, most of whom are of mixed Malayo-Polynesian and Melanesian/Papuan descent.^{[citation needed]} The largest Malayo-Polynesian ethnic groups are the Tetum^[64] (100,000), primarily in the north coast and around Dili; the Mambai (80,000), in the central mountains; the Tukudede (63,170), in the area around Maubara and Liquiçá; the Galoli (50,000), between the tribes of Mambae and Makasae; the Kemak (50,000) in north-central Timor island; and the Baikeno (20,000), in the area around Pante Macassar.^{[citation needed]}

The main tribes of predominantly Papuan origin include the Bunak (50,000), in the central interior of Timor island; the Fataluku (30,000), at the eastern tip of the island near Lospalos; and the Makasae, toward the eastern end of the island.^{[citation needed]} As a result of interracial marriage which was common during the Portuguese era, there is a population of people of mixed East Timorese and Portuguese origin, known in Portuguese as mestiços. There is a small Chinese minority, most of whom are Hakka. Many Chinese left in the mid-1970s.^[65]

Languages[edit]

East Timor's two official languages are Portuguese and Tetum. Tetum belongs to the Austronesian family of languages spoken throughout Southeast Asia.^[66]

The 2010 census found that the most commonly spoken mother tongues were Tetum Prasa (mother tongue for 36.6% of the population), Mambai (12.5%), Makasai (9.7%), Tetum Terik (6.0%), Baikenu (5.9%), Kemak (5.9%), Bunak (5.3%), Tokodede (3.7%), and Fataluku (3.6%). Other indigenous languages largely accounted for the remaining 10.9%, while Portuguese was spoken natively by just under 600 people.^[67]

Under Indonesian rule, the use of Portuguese was banned and only Indonesian was allowed to be used in government offices, schools and public business.^[68] During the Indonesian occupation, Tetum and Portuguese were important unifying elements for the East Timorese people in opposing Javanese culture.^[69] Portuguese was adopted as one of the two official languages upon independence in 2002 for this reason and as a link to Lusophone nations in other parts of the world. It is now being taught and promoted with the help of Brazil, Portugal, and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries.^[70]

Indonesian and English are defined as working languages under the Constitution in the Final and Transitional Provisions, without setting a final date. Aside from Tetum, Ethnologue lists the following indigenous languages: Adabe, Baikeno, Bunak, Fataluku, Galoli, Habun, Idaté, Kairui-Midiki, Kemak, Lakalei, Makasae, Makuv'a, Mambae, Nauete, Tukudede, and Waima'a.^[71] It is estimated that English is understood by 31.4% of the population. 35% speak, read, and write Portuguese as of 2012, which is up significantly from less than 5% in the 2006 UN Development Report.^[72][73]

East Timor is a member of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth) and of the Latin Union.^[74]

According to the Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, there are six endangered languages in East Timor: Adabe, Habu, Kairui-Midiki, Maku'a, Naueti, and Waima'a.^[75]

Education[edit]

East Timor's adult literacy rate in 2010 was 58.3 per cent, up from just 37.6% in 2001.^[76] Illiteracy is higher among women. In schools it is believed that corporal punishment still occurs in some situations and attendance is considered important enough that teachers would make way to find out why a student was not in school, with punishments intended if reasons aren't valid. ^[77] Illiteracy was at 95 per cent at the end of Portuguese rule.^[78] In 2006, 10% to 30% of primary-school age children did not attend school.^[79]

The National University of East Timor is the country's main university. There are also four colleges.^[80]

Since independence, both Indonesian and Tetum have lost ground as mediums of instruction, while Portuguese has increased: in 2001 only 8.4% of primary school and 6.8% of secondary school students attended a Portuguese-medium school; by 2005 this had increased to 81.6% for primary and 46.3% for secondary schools.^[81] Indonesian formerly played a considerable role in education, being used by 73.7% of all secondary school students as a medium of instruction, but by 2005 it was used by most schools only in Baucau, Manatuto, as well as the capital district.^[81]

Health[edit]

Life expectancy at birth was at 60.7 in 2007.^[77] The fertility rate is at six births per woman.^[77] Healthy life expectancy at birth was at 55 years in 2007.^[77] Government expenditure on health was at US$150 (PPP) per person in 2006.^[77] There were two hospitals and 14 village healthcare facilities in 1974. By 1994, there were 11 hospitals and 330 healthcare centres.^[80]

The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for East Timor is 370. This is compared with 928.6 in 2008 and 1016.3 in 1990. The under-5 mortality rate per 1,000 births is 60 and the neonatal mortality rate per 1,000 live births is 27.^[82] The number of midwives per 1,000 live births is 8 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women is 1 in 44.^[83]

The country has one of the highest smoking rates in the world, with 33% of the population, including 61% of men, smoking daily.^[84]

By 2015, due to a Cuban–East Timorese training programme initiated in 2003, East Timor will have more doctors per capita than any other country in southeast Asia.^[85]

Hunger situation[edit]

According to the Global Hunger Index of 2013, East Timor has an GHI indicator value of 29.6 indicating that the nation has an 'Alarming Hunger Situation' earning the nation the distinction of being the hungriest country in the entire continent of Asia and the 4th hungriest nation in the world.^[86]

In 2007, a bad harvest led to deaths in several parts of East Timor. By November, eleven subdistricts still needed food supplied by international aid.^[87]

Religion[edit]

According to the 2010 census, 96.9% of the population profess Catholicism; 2.2% Protestantism or Evangelicalism; 0.3% are Muslim; and 0.5% practise some other or no religion.^[88]

The number of churches has grown from 100 in 1974 to over 800 in 1994,^[80] with Church membership having grown considerably under Indonesian rule as Pancasila, Indonesia's state ideology, requires all citizens to believe in one God and does not recognise traditional beliefs. In rural areas, Catholicism is practised along with local traditions.^[89]

While the Constitution of East Timor enshrines the principles of freedom of religion and separation of church and state in Section 45 Comma 1, it also acknowledges "the participation of the Catholic Church in the process of national liberation".^[90] Upon independence, the country joined the Philippines to become the only two predominantly Roman Catholic states in Asia, although nearby parts of eastern Indonesia such as West Timor and Flores also have Catholic majorities.

The Roman Catholic Church divides East Timor into three dioceses: the Diocese of Díli, the Diocese of Baucau, and the Diocese of Maliana.^[91]

Culture[edit]

The culture of East Timor reflects numerous influences, including Portuguese, Roman Catholic and Indonesian, on Timor's indigenous Austronesian and Melanesian cultures. East Timorese culture is heavily influenced by Austronesian legends. For example, East Timorese creation myth has it that an aging crocodile transformed into the island of Timor as part of a debt repayment to a young boy who had helped the crocodile when it was sick.^[92] As a result, the island is shaped like a crocodile and the boy's descendants are the native East Timorese who inhabit it. The phrase "leaving the crocodile" refers to the pained exile of East Timorese from their island.

Arts[edit]

There is also a strong tradition^{[clarification needed]} of poetry in the country.^{[citation needed]} Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão, for example, is a distinguished poet.^{[citation needed]}

Architecturally, Portuguese-style buildings can be found, along with the traditional totem houses of the eastern region. These are known as uma lulik ("sacred houses") in Tetum and lee teinu ("legged houses") in Fataluku.^{[citation needed]} Craftsmanship and the weaving of traditional scarves (tais) is also widespread.^{[citation needed]}

An extensive collection of Timorese audiovisual material is held at the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia. These holdings have been identified in a document titled The NFSA Timor-Leste Collection Profile, which features catalogue entries and essays for a total of 795 NFSA-held moving image, recorded sound and documentation works that have captured the history and culture of East Timor since the early 20th century.^[93] The NFSA is working with the East Timor government to ensure that all of this material can be used and accessed by the people of that country.^[94] In 2013 the first East Timorese feature film, Beatriz's War, was released.^[95]

Cuisine[edit]

The cuisine of East Timor consists of regional popular foods such as pork, fish, basil, tamarind, legumes, corn, rice, root vegetables, and tropical fruit. East Timorese cuisine has influences from Southeast Asian foods and from Portuguese dishes from its colonisation by Portugal. Flavours and ingredients from other former Portuguese colonies can be found due to the centuries-old Portuguese presence on the island.

Sports[edit]

Sports organisations joined by East Timor include the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), the International Badminton Federation (IBF), joined the Union Cycliste Internationale, the International Weightlifting Federation, the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF), and East Timor's national football team joined FIFA. East Timorese athletes competed in the 2003 Southeast Asian Games held 2003. In the 2003 ASEAN Paralympics Games, East Timor won a bronze medal. In the Athens 2004 Olympic Games, East Timorese athletes participated in athletics, weightlifting and boxing. East Timor won three medals in Arnis at the 2005 Southeast Asian Games. East Timor competed in the first Lusophony Games and, in October 2008, the country earned its first international points in a FIFA football match with a 2–2 draw against Cambodia.^[96] East Timor competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics.

See also[edit]

• ASEAN

References[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

Find more about East Timor at Wikipedia's sister projects
	Definitions from Wiktionary
	Media from Commons
	News stories from Wikinews
	Quotations from Wikiquote
	Source texts from Wikisource
	Textbooks from Wikibooks
	Travel guide from Wikivoyage
	Learning resources from Wikiversity

Government

• Timor-Leste official government website
• Chief of State and Cabinet Members^{[dead link]}

General information

• Timor-Leste entry at The World Factbook
• East Timor from UCB Libraries GovPubs
• Timor-Leste at DMOZ
• East Timor at Encyclopædia Britannica
• East Timor profile BBC News
• Wikimedia Atlas of East Timor
• Key Development Forecasts for Timor-Leste from International Futures

Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on East Timor

v t e East Timor  topics History Timeline Pre-colonial Timor Portuguese rule Japanese invasion Indonesian invasion Indonesian occupation Dili massacre 1999 referendum 1999 crisis Peacekeeping efforts Transition to independence Tribunals 2006 crisis 2008 crisis Geography Cities, towns and villages Districts Islands Protected areas Rivers Subdistricts Sucos Tatamailau Timor Wildlife Politics Constitution Elections Foreign aid Foreign relations Human rights LGBT LGBT history Law enforcement Military Parliament Political parties President Prime Minister United Nations mission Economy Centavo coins Escudo (former currency) Pataca (former currency) Telecommunications Transport airports Society Culture Demographics Languages Literature Music Notable people Religion Sports Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Flag Outline Index Category Portal WikiProject

Administrative divisions v t e Districts of East Timor Aileu Ainaro Baucau Bobonaro Cova Lima Dili Ermera Lautém Liquiçá Manatuto Manufahi Oecusse Viqueque v t e District capitals of East Timor Aileu Ainaro Baucau Dili Gleno Liquiçá Lospalos Maliana Manatuto Pante Macassar Same Suai Viqueque v t e Subdistricts of East Timor Aileu Laulara Lequidoe Remexio Ainaro Hatudo Hatu Builico Maubisse Baguia Baucau Laga Quelicai Vemasse Venilale Atabae Balibó Bobonaro Cailaco Lolotoi Maliana Fatululique Fatumean Fuorém Mape-Zumulai Maucatar Suai Tilomar Atauro Cristo Rei Dom Aleixo Metinaro Nain Feto Vera Cruz Atsabe Ermera Hatólia Letefuó Railaco Iliomar Lautém Lospalos Luro Tutuala Bazartete Liquiçá Maubara Barique-Natarbora Laclo Laclubar Laleia Manatuto Soibada Alas Fatuberliu Same Turiscai Nitibe Oesilo Pante Macassar Passabe Lacluta Ossu Uatolari Uato Carabau Viqueque v t e Sucos of East Timor Aisirimou Bandudatu Betano Fahiria Fatisi Fatubosa Funar Hoholau Lahae Lausi Lifau Liurai Malere Mape, Cova Lima Matai (Maucatar) Saboria Seloi Craic Seloi Malere

Geographic international v t e Countries and dependencies of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma (Myanmar) Cambodia China Cyprus Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand East Timor (Timor-Leste) Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Nagorno-Karabakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and special administrative regions Australia Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands China Hong Kong Macau United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia British Indian Ocean Territory v t e Countries and territories of Oceania Sovereign states Entire Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga East Timor (Timor-Leste)1 Tuvalu Vanuatu In part Chile Easter Island Juan Fernández Islands Indonesia Japan Ogasawara United States Hawaii Palmyra Atoll Associated states of New Zealand Niue Cook Islands Dependencies and other territories Australia Ashmore and Cartier Islands Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Coral Sea Islands Lord Howe Island Norfolk Island United States American Samoa Baker Island Guam Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Northern Mariana Islands Wake Island Others French Polynesia / New Caledonia / Wallis and Futuna France Tokelau New Zealand Pitcairn Islands UK 1 Often included in Southeast Asia v t e Countries and other territories in Southeast Asia Sovereign states Brunei Burma Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Dependent territories or Special Administrative Regions Christmas Island (Australia) Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australia) Bangsamoro (Philippines) Subdivisions Paracel Islands (controlled by China) Pratas Islands (controlled by Taiwan) Spratly Islands (disputed among and controlled by various claimants) Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India) Hainan (China) v t e Countries of the Malay Archipelago Brunei East Timor Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore Papua New Guinea

International membership v t e Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) Members  Australia  Cook Islands  Fiji  Kiribati  Marshall Islands  Micronesia  Nauru  New Zealand  Niue  Palau  Papua New Guinea  Samoa  Solomon Islands  Tonga  Tuvalu  Vanuatu Associate members  French Polynesia  New Caledonia Observers Commonwealth of Nations  East Timor  Tokelau  United Nations  Wallis and Futuna  Guam  American Samoa  Northern Mariana Islands Asian Development Bank Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) Dialogue partners  Canada  China  Cuba  European Union  France  India  Indonesia  Italy  Japan  Republic of Korea  Malaysia  Philippines  Spain  Thailand  Turkey  United Kingdom  United States Meetings 45th v t e Association of Southeast Asian Nations Politics Charter Customs union Date of Establishment Organisations Secretariat Treaty of Amity and Cooperation Symbols Anthem Emblem Flag Hymn Membership Brunei Burma (Myanmar) Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Observers Papua New Guinea East Timor Candidate Bangladesh Events Summits ASEAN Summit East Asia Summit Other ASEAN Plus Three Asian Monetary Unit ASEAN Regional Forum Asia-Europe Meeting Chiang Mai Initiative Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Competitions SEA Games ASEAN University Games ASEAN School Games ASEAN Para Games ASEAN Football Championship Related ASEAN Free Trade Area ASEAN–China Free Trade Area ASEAN–India Free Trade Area Common Time Economy v t e East Asia Summit (EAS) First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth      Australia  Brunei  Burma  Cambodia  China  India  Indonesia  Japan  Laos  Malaysia  New Zealand  Philippines  Russia  Singapore  South Korea  Thailand  United States  Vietnam v t e Non-Aligned Movement Members List of members of Non-Aligned Movement India and the Non-Aligned Movement Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement Egypt and the Non-Aligned Movement Structure Organizations NAM News Network Principles Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence Summits Non-Aligned Foreign Ministers Conference 16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement People Josip Broz Tito Gamal Abdel Nasser Houari Boumediene Fidel Castro Nelson Mandela Mohamed Morsi v t e World Trade Organization System Accession and membership Appellate Body Dispute Settlement Body International Trade Centre Chronology of key events Issues Criticism Doha Development Round Singapore issues Quota Elimination Peace Clause Agreements General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Agriculture Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Technical Barriers to Trade Trade Related Investment Measures Trade in Services Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Government Procurement Information Technology Marrakech Agreement Doha Declaration Bali Package Ministerial Conferences 1st (1996) 2nd (1998) 3rd (1999) 4th (2001) 5th (2003) 6th (2005) 7th (2009) 8th (2011) 9th (2013) People Pascal Lamy (Director-General) Roberto Azevêdo (Elected Director-General) Supachai Panitchpakdi (Former Director-General) Deputy Directors-General: Alejandro Jara Valentine Rugwabiza Harsha Singh Rufus Yerxa Members Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belize Benin Bolivia Botswana Brazil Brunei Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Cuba Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador European Union¹ Fiji Gabon The Gambia Georgia Ghana Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong² Iceland India Indonesia Israel Jamaica Japan Jordan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lesotho Liechtenstein Macau² Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Qatar Russia Rwanda St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Suriname Swaziland Switzerland Taiwan³ Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Zambia Zimbabwe 1. All twenty-eight member states of the European Union are also members of the WTO in their own right: Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom 2. Special administrative region of the People's Republic of China, participates as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao China". 3. Officially the Republic of China, participates as "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu"

Languages v t e Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) Category Membership Members Angola Brazil Cape Verde East Timor Equatorial Guinea Guinea-Bissau Mozambique Portugal São Tomé and Príncipe Observers Georgia Japan Mauritius Namibia Senegal Turkey Organization CPLP Games Flag TV CPLP ACOLOP Lusophony Games Portuguese-using countries

History v t e Portuguese overseas empire   North Africa 15th century 1415–1640 Ceuta 1458–1550 Alcácer Ceguer (El Qsar es Seghir) 1471–1550 Arzila (Asilah) 1471–1662 Tangier 1485–1550 Mazagan (El Jadida) 1487–16th century Ouadane 1488–1541 Safim (Safi) 1489 Graciosa 16th century 1505–1541 Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir) 1506–1525 Mogador (Essaouira) 1506–1525 Aguz (Souira Guedima) 1506–1769 Mazagan (El Jadida) 1513–1541 Azamor (Azemmour) 1515 São João da Mamora (Mehdya) 1577–1589 Arzila (Asilah)   Sub-Saharan Africa 15th century 1455–1633 Anguim 1462–1975 Cape Verde 1470–1975 São Tomé1 1471–1975 Príncipe1 1474–1778 Annobón 1478–1778 Fernando Poo (Bioko) 1482–1637 Elmina (São Jorge da Mina) 1482–1642 Portuguese Gold Coast 1508–15472 Madagascar3 1498–1540 Mascarene Islands 16th century 1500–1630 Malindi 1501–1975 Portuguese Mozambique 1502–1659 Saint Helena 1503–1698 Zanzibar 1505–1512 Quíloa (Kilwa) 1506–1511 Socotra 1557–1578 Accra 1575–1975 Portuguese Angola 1588–1974 Cacheu4 1593–1698 Mombassa (Mombasa) 17th century 1645–1888 Ziguinchor 1680–1961 São João Baptista de Ajudá 1687–1974 Bissau4 18th century 1728–1729 Mombassa (Mombasa) 1753–1975 Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe 19th century 1879–1974 Portuguese Guinea 1885–1975 Portuguese Congo 1 Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753. 2 Or 1600. 3 A factory (Anosy Region) and small temporary coastal bases. 4 Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879.   Southwest Asia 16th century 1506–1615 Gamru (Bandar Abbas) 1507–1643 Sohar 1515–1622 Hormuz (Ormus) 1515–1648 Quriyat 1515–? Qalhat 1515–1650 Muscat 1515?–? Barka 1515–1633? Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah) 1521–1602 Bahrain (Muharraq • Manama) 1521–1529? Qatif 1521?–1551? Tarut Island 1550–1551 Qatif 1588–1648 Matrah 17th century 1620–? Khor Fakkan 1621?–? As Sib 1621–1622 Qeshm 1623–? Khasab 1623–? Libedia 1624–? Kalba 1624–? Madha 1624–1648 Dibba Al-Hisn 1624?–? Bandar-e Kong   Indian subcontinent 15th century 1498–1545 Laccadive Islands (Lakshadweep) 16th century Portuguese India  • 1500–1663 Cochim (Kochi)  • 1501–1663 Cannanore (Kannur)  • 1502–1658  1659–1661 Quilon (Coulão / Kollam)  • 1502–1661 Pallipuram (Cochin de Cima)  • 1507–1657 Negapatam (Nagapatnam)  • 1510–1961 Goa  • 1512–1525  1750 Calicut (Kozhikode)  • 1518–1619 Portuguese Paliacate outpost (Pulicat)  • 1521–1740 Chaul   (Portuguese India)  • 1523–1662 Mylapore  • 1528–1666 Chittagong (Porto Grande De Bengala)  • 1531–1571 Chaul  • 1531–1571 Chalé  • 1534–1601 Salsette Island  • 1534–1661 Bombay (Mumbai)  • 1535 Ponnani  • 1535–1739 Baçaím (Vasai-Virar)  • 1536–1662 Cranganore (Kodungallur)  • 1540–1612 Surat  • 1548–1658 Tuticorin (Thoothukudi)  • 1559–1961 Daman and Diu  • 1568–1659 Mangalore   (Portuguese India)  • 1579–1632 Hugli  • 1598–1610 Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam) 1518–1521 Maldives 1518–1658 Portuguese Ceylon (Sri Lanka) 1558–1573 Maldives 17th century Portuguese India  • 1687–1749 Mylapore 18th century Portuguese India  • 1779–1954 Dadra and Nagar Haveli   East Asia and Oceania 16th century 1511–1641 Portuguese Malacca 1512–1621 Maluku  • 1522–1575  Ternate  • 1576–1605  Ambon  • 1578–1650  Tidore 1512–1665 Makassar 1537–1999 Macau 1571–1639 Decima (Dejima / Nagasaki) 17th century 1642–1975 Portuguese Timor (East Timor)1 19th century Portuguese Macau  • 1864–1999 Coloane  • 1849–1999 Portas do Cerco  • 1851–1999 Taipa  • 1890–1999 Ilha Verde 20th century Portuguese Macau  • 1938–1941 Lapa and Montanha (Hengqin) 1 1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized.   North America and the North Atlantic Ocean 15th century 1420 Madeira 1432 Azores 16th century 1500–1579? Terra Nova (Newfoundland) 1500–1579? Labrador 1516–1579? Nova Scotia   Central and South America 16th century 1500–1822 Brazil  • 1534–1549  Captaincy Colonies of Brazil  • 1549–1572  Brazil  • 1572–1578  Bahia  • 1572–1578  Rio de Janeiro  • 1578–1607  Brazil  • 1621–1815  Brazil 1536–1620 Barbados 17th century 1621–1751 Maranhão 1680–1777 Nova Colónia do Sacramento 18th century 1751–1772 Grão-Pará and Maranhão 1772–1775 Grão-Pará and Rio Negro 1772–1775 Maranhão and Piauí 19th century 1808–1822 Cisplatina (Uruguay) 1809–1817 Portuguese Guiana (Amapá) 1822 Upper Peru (Bolivia) Coats of arms of Portuguese colonies Evolution of the Portuguese Empire Portuguese colonial architecture Portuguese colonialism in Indonesia Portuguese colonization of the Americas Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia