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Carlos I
King of Portugal and the Algarves
Reign	19 October 1889 – 1 February 1908
Acclamation	28 December 1889
Predecessor	Luís I
Successor	Manuel II
Prime Ministers	See list José Luciano de Castro António Serpa João Crisóstomo José Dias Ferreira Hintze Ribeiro João Franco
Spouse	Amélie of Orléans
Issue	Luís Filipe, Prince Royal Manuel II
Full name Carlos Fernando Luís Maria Victor Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Xavier Francisco de Assis José Simão
House	House of Braganza-Coburg
Father	Luís I
Mother	Maria Pia of Savoy
Born	28 September 1863 Ajuda National Palace, Lisbon
Died	1 February 1908 (aged 44) Terreiro do Paço, Lisbon
Burial	Pantheon of the Braganzas
Religion	Roman Catholicism
Signature

Carlos I (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈkaɾɫuʃ]; English: Charles I) the Diplomat (also known as the Martyr; Portuguese: o Diplomata and o Martirizado; 28 September 1863 – 1 February 1908) was the King of Portugal and the Algarves. He was the first Portuguese king to die a violent death since Sebastian of Portugal (1578). This occurred in 1908, when D. Carlos was murdered in Lisbon as he travelled in an open carriage with the royal family.

Early life[edit]

The baptism of D. Carlos.

Carlos I of Portugal

Carlos was born in Lisbon, Portugal, the son of King Luís and Queen Maria Pia of Savoy, daughter of Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy. He had a brother, Infante Afonso, Duke of Porto. He was baptised with the names Carlos Fernando Luís Maria Víctor Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Xavier Francisco de Assis José Simão.

His paternal first cousins included Frederick Augustus III of Saxony, Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony, Prince Wilhelm of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and Ferdinand I of Romania.

His maternal first cousins included Napoléon Victor Bonaparte, Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, Emanuele Filiberto, 2nd Duke of Aosta, Vittorio Emanuele, Count of Turin, Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi, Umberto, Count of Salemi.

He had an intense education and was prepared to rule as a constitutional monarch. In 1883 he traveled to Italy, England, France and Germany where he increased his knowledge of the modern civilization of his time. In 1883, 1886 and 1888 he ruled as regent as his father was traveling in Europe, as it became tradition among the Portuguese constitutional kings. His father Luis I advised him to be modest and to study with focus.

His first bridal candidate was one of the daughters of Frederick III, German Emperor, but the issue of religion presented an insurmountable problem and the pressure of British diplomacy prevented the marriage. He then met and married Princess Amélie of Orléans, eldest daughter of Philippe, comte de Paris, pretender to the throne of France.^[1]

King of Portugal[edit]

His Most Faithful Majesty the King

Young Carlos I of Portugal

Carlos I and his firstborn son

Carlos became King on 19 October 1889. After the 1890 British Ultimatum, colonial treaties with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (one signed in August 1890 that defined their African borders along the Zambezi and Congo rivers and another signed on 14 October 1899, that confirmed colonial treaties of the 17th century) stabilised the situation in Africa, ending Portuguese claims of sovereignty on the Pink Map. These agreements were however unpopular in Portugal where they were seen as being to the disadvantage of the country.

Domestically, Portugal was twice declared bankrupt – on 14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902 – causing industrial disturbances, socialist and republican antagonism and press criticism of the monarchy. Carlos responded by appointing João Franco as prime minister and subsequently accepting parliament's dissolution.^[1]

As a patron of science and the arts, King Carlos took an active part in the celebration of the 500th anniversary (in 1894) of the birth of Prince Henry the Navigator. The following year he decorated the Portuguese poet João de Deus in a ceremony in Lisbon. Carlos took a personal interest in deep-sea and maritime exploration, publishing an account of his own studies in this area.^[1]

Assassination[edit]

On 1 February 1908 the royal family returned from the palace of Vila Viçosa to Lisbon. They travelled by train to Barreiro and, from there, they took a steamer to cross the Tagus River and disembarked at Cais do Sodré in central Lisbon. On their way to the royal palace, the open carriage with Carlos I and his family passed through the Terreiro do Paço fronting on the river. While crossing the square, shots were fired from the crowd by two republican activists: Alfredo Costa and Manuel Buiça.

Buiça, a former army sergeant and sharpshooter, fired five shots from a rifle hidden under his long overcoat. The king died immediately, his heir, Luís Filipe, was mortally wounded, and Prince Manuel was hit in the arm. The Queen alone escaped injury. The two assassins were killed on the spot by police and bodyguards; an innocent bystander was also killed in the confusion. The royal carriage turned into the nearby Navy Arsenal, where, about twenty minutes later, the Prince Royal Luis Filipe died. Several days later, the younger son, Prince Manuel, was proclaimed King of Portugal; he was the last of the Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dynasty and the last king as well.

Marriage and children[edit]

Carlos was married to Princess Amélie of Orléans in 1886. She was daughter of Prince Philippe, Count of Paris and Princess Marie Isabelle of Orléans. Their children were:

1. Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal (1887–1908)
2. Infanta Maria Ana of Portugal (1888)
3. Manuel II, King of Portugal between 1908 and 1910 (1889–1932)

Maria Pia de Saxe-Coburgo e Bragança (1907–1995) had claimed (many years after his death) that she was the bastard daughter of King Carlos I by Maria Amélia Laredó e Murça.

Titles, honours, and styles[edit]

Royal styles of King Carlos I of Portugal
Reference style	His Most Faithful Majesty
Spoken style	Your Most Faithful Majesty
Alternative style	Sire

• 28 September 1863 - 19 October 1889: His Royal Highness The Prince Royal of Portugal
• 19 October 1889 - 1 February 1908: His Most Faithful Majesty The King of Portugal and the Algarves

Carlos I's official styling as King of Portugal

By the Grace of God and by the Constitution of the Monarchy, Carlos I, King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation, and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, and India, etc.

Ancestry[edit]

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

• Jean Pailler: D. Carlos I – Rei de Portugal: Destino Maldito de um Rei Sacrificado. Bertrand, Lisbon, 2001, ISBN 978-972-25-1231-2
• Jean Pailler: Maria Pia: A Mulher que Queria Ser Rainha de Portugal. Bertrand, Lisbon, 2006, ISBN 972-25-1467-9
• Manuel Amaral: Portugal – Dicionário Histórico, Corográfico, Heráldico, Biográfico, Bibliográfico, Numismático e Artístico, Volume II, 1904–1915, págs. 759
• Rui Ramos: D. Carlos, Temas e Debates, Lisbon, 2007.

External links[edit]

v t e Monarchs of Portugal House of Burgundy (1139–1383) Afonso I Sancho I Afonso II Sancho II Afonso III Dinis I Afonso IV Pedro I Fernando I House of Aviz (1385–1580) João I Duarte I Afonso V João II Manuel I João III Sebastião I Henrique I House of Habsburg (1581–1640) Filipe I Filipe II Filipe III House of Braganza (1640–1853) João IV Afonso VI Pedro II João V José I Maria I with Pedro III João VI Pedro IV Maria II Miguel I Maria II with Fernando II House of Braganza-Coburg (1853–1910) Pedro V Luís I Carlos I Manuel II

v t e Dukes of Braganza Feudal Dukes Afonso Fernando I Fernando II Jaime Teodósio I João I Teodósio II João II Heir to the Throne Teodósio Afonso João José Maria José João Pedro Miguel Maria Pedro Carlos Luís Filipe Claimant to the Throne Miguel Duarte Nuno Duarte Pio

v t e House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1st generation Pedro V Luís I Infanta Maria Infante João, Duke of Beja Infanta Maria Ana, Princess George of Saxony Infanta Antónia, Princess of Hohenzollern Infante Fernando Infante Augusto Infante Leopoldo Infanta Maria da Glória Infante Eugénio 2nd generation Carlos I Infante Afonso, Duke of Porto 3rd generation Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal Infanta Maria Ana Manuel II The House of Saxe-Coburg and Braganza was not a recognized house in the former Kingdom of Portugal and monarchs following Maria II and Ferdinand II officially continued to be members of the House of Braganza